Page #
in 10e

Changes in the 11th Edition, usually on diferent pages from the 10th edition

617

Replaced opening vignette on the global warming effects of making iPods with the world's different responses to two natural disasters. Thanks to the telegraph, people in the U.S. and Europe followed the eruption of Krakaota in 1883 with great interestÐbut offered little help to survivors in the (then) Dutch East Indies. Thanks to television, people around the work viewed the aftermath of the 2010 earthquake in HaitiÐand sent massive aid to its victims. It ends with this sentence: How should the U.S. government deal with the public's concerns over problems of globalization? Should it try to intervene actively in international affairs? If so, to what end? Should it favor economic growth at home over human rights elsewhere? Concerning our need for foreign oil, should the U.S. government favor regime stability in oil-rich countries over their citizens' civil liberties?

618

Changed the referents to illustrate "international ideologies" in figure 20.1 to read: President Bush probably fits in the International Libertarian category. Pope Benedict XVI's encyclical proposing a "true world authority" to work for the "common good" suggests he is an International Communitarian. Protestant minister Pat Robertson seems to be an International Conservative. President Obama qualifies as an International Liberal.

624

Added this concerning the Department of State: President Obama surprised everyone by picking his presidential campaign rival, Hillary Clinton. She surprised everyone by accepting. In 2010, Secretary Clinton committed the United States to oppose Internet censorship and to punish states for cyberattacks. Also added this statement concerning its weakness: One wrote that in 2008 there were more "lawyers at the Defense Department than the entire U.S. diplomatic corps" and "more musicians in military bands than there are U.S. diplomats."

626

Added this concerning Secretary Gates: Gates proved to be so effective that Democratic President Obama reappointed him. Gates opposed costly weapons systems, like the expensive F-22 Raptor fighter plane, to refocus military strategy on smaller-scale guerrilla warfare.

628

Added this on the CIA: President Obama chose someone outside the intelligence community to head the CIA: Leon Panetta, former congressman from California and President Clinton's chief of staff. Panetta soon learned of and ended a controversial CIA program to assassinate terrorists. The program proved less effective than killing terrorists with missiles fired from pilotless drone aircraft operated by the CIA in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Yemen.

629

Rewrote the paragraph to read: The Intelligence Community is less communal than feudal. All the agenciesÐespecially the DNI, CIA, and FBIÐjealously guard their turf. For example, Obama had to step in to decide who had the power to appoint the top spyÐthe CIA as in the past or the new DNI, organizationally over the CIA. Obama sided with the CIA.

630

Added this passage: In addition, private companies hold military contracts to supply food and services to troops abroadÐand even to guard convoys and military bases. In Afghanistan in 2009, there were more private contractors than U.S. troops.

635

Cut down the section on Bush's foreign policy and added this about Obama: In his election campaign, Barack Obama described the war in Iraq as a "war of choice" (Bush's choice) while the war in Afghanistan against al Qaeda was a "war of necessity." As president, Obama quickly implemented the Iraq exit strategy outlined by the Bush administration and pledged to withdraw all combat forces by August 2010. Lasting 89 months from the invasion in March 2003 to the withdrawal of combat troops, the Iraq war was second to the Vietnam war as the longest in American history.

In Afghanistan, Obama twice ordered troop increases, almost tripling the number to nearly 100,000. While favoring the build-up, most Americans at the end of 2009 opposed the war itself. As more troops engaged Taliban forces, the American death toll rose, as shown in Figure 20.2. The figure shows as well that the 40,000 NATO forces also far incurred more deaths than allied forces did in Iraq. Begun in October 2001, the Afghanistan war had already lasted 106 months by August 2010, when combat troops left Iraq. By then, the war in Afghanistan had become our longest war, surpassing the 102 months of fighting in Vietnam. Authors wrote books arguing whether Afghanistan would become "another Vietnam."
Even as he sent more troops to fight in Afghanistan, Obama sought to distance his presidency from the unilateral action of the previous administration. In his September 2009 speech to the United Nations, he said, "America will live its values" and promised to lead by example. The Norwegian Nobel Committee referred to that speech in surprisingly awarding Obama the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples."

Added new Figure 20.2 "A Tale of Two Wars" that compares allied deaths over time in Iraq and Afghanistan.

636

Replaced old Compared with What? "Approval of U.S. Global Leadership and Bush's Foreign Policy" with "Who Will Do the 'Right Thing' in World Affairs? 2008 and 2008," national surveys comparing presidents Bush and Obama.

637

Added this sentence at the end of the first paragraph: For example, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) meeting in Seoul, Korea, allowed use of Internet addresses in non-Latin characters beginning in 2010. The Russian-language site, Kremlin.ru became ??????.??. Another example: the International Skating Union relaxed its citizenship rules for pairs and dance ice skaters. Of 42 pairs of skaters in the 2010 European championships, 15 had skaters who started their careers competing for other countries.

Rewrote the last paragraph prior to "Global Policy Issue Areas" to read: After the Cold War ended, the United States briefly acted as the world leader and repelled Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1991. Soon afterward, the international political agenda shifted toward issues such as world trade, world poverty, the environment, human rights, and emerging democracyÐand American leadership was less evident. The September 11, 2001, attacks refocused attention on military action, with the United States leading the war against terrorism in Afghanistan. The invasion of Iraq cost the United States some of its moral authority, and U.S. efforts to combat the nuclear ambitions of North Korea and Iran were often blocked in the United Nations Security Council by China and Russia, which also differed with America concerning other global problems.

639

Dropped photo, "Get the Lead Out" about Chinese toy manufacturing. Added this paragraph prior to the first full paragraph: Entering the 2010s, the United States no longer dominates the world economy as it did decades earlier. In 1960, the United States generated about 45 percent of the entire world's gross domestic product. By 2008, it accounted for less than 30 percent. Moreover, it had new economic rivals. As late as 1999, the largest economies after the United States were, respectively, Japan, Germany, Britain, France, and ItalyÐfollowed by China in seventh place. By 2010, China had leaped to second. The American public sensed the changing situation, seeing the United States as less important in 2009 than it had been a decade earlier and regarding China as a major threat. Moreover, Brazil, Russia, India, and China (known as the BRIC nations) began to demand more say in the global economic order because of their growth and resources.

640

Updated Politics in a Changing World to Politics of Global Change, "Growing Dependence on Foreign Oil," with new data.

643

Figure 20.3, "Aid to Developing Countries," updated with new data for 2008.

644

Added photo, "Summit Meeting," showing the entire Nepalese cabinet meeting in December, 2009, at 17,000 feet in a snowless Mt. Everest base camp. The entire section on the environment was rewritten as follows: Environmental issues pose new and vexing challenges for those making foreign policy. First some terms in the debate: Biodiversity and climate change are distinct but intertwined concepts. Biodiversity (biological diversity) refers to the complex interactions between living organisms and their environment. Climate change is one factor that affects biodiversity. The term global warming has become a politicized term referring to one aspect of climate change. Even some who doubt that their environment has grown warmer may believe that it suffers more from drought, rain, or wind than earlier in their lifetime. The question is whether human beings have contributed to global climate change. Most scientists think they have. If so, what can, or should, be done about it?

The value conflict of freedom versus order, which we have seen in domestic politics, surfaces when dealing with the global environment. In the prototypical example, wealthy industrialized nations, which polluted the world in the process of industrializing, tell Third World nations that they cannot burn fossil fuels to develop themselves because doing so would further pollute the environment. Leaders in developing countries do not appreciate limits on their freedom to industrializeÐlimits that serve the developed world's definition of global order.

The 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro produced the Biodiversity Treaty aimed at conserving the Earth's diverse biological resources through the development of national strategies for conservation, creation of protected areas, and protection of eco-systems and natural habitats. President George H. W. Bush thought the Biodiversity Treaty limited U.S. patent rights in biotechnology and failed to protect U.S. intellectual property rights, so he refused to sign it. Although President Clinton later signed the treaty and sent it to the Senate, the Senate did not vote on it, so the United States is not a party to the treaty. The 1997 Kyoto Protocol set binding greenhouse gas reductions for industrialized countries but not developing countries, including major polluters China and India. It too was signed by Clinton but never sent to a hostile Senate. The 2009 Copenhagen agreement on climate change, signed by President Obama, required nations only to state intended amounts of reduced emissions. Nations were not ready to submit to global regulations.